Introduction to Logical Reasoning

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Show your work for each problem.

1.
Which type of reasoning starts with specific observations and forms a general conclusion?
1. a)Circular reasoning
2. b)Deductive reasoning
3. c)Random reasoning
4. d)Inductive reasoning
2.
In an argument, what are statements assumed to be true called?
1. a)Theories
2. b)Premises
3. c)Hypotheses
4. d)Conclusions
3.
All birds have feathers. A penguin is a bird. Therefore, a penguin has _______.
4.
Which type of reasoning is guaranteed to be true if the premises are true?
1. a)Deductive reasoning
2. b)Both types
3. c)Neither type
4. d)Inductive reasoning
5.
Is the following reasoning deductive or inductive? 'I have seen 50 red apples. Therefore, all apples are red.'
6.
'All fish live in water. Nemo lives in water. Therefore, Nemo is a fish.' Is this argument valid?
1. a)Yes, this is valid deductive reasoning
2. b)No, this is affirming the consequent
3. c)No, the premises are false
4. d)Yes, this is valid inductive reasoning
7.
All squares are rectangles. All rectangles have four sides. What can we conclude about squares?
8.
The pattern continues: 2, 6, 18, 54, ... What is the next number? (This is an example of _______ reasoning)
9.
A counterexample can disprove which type of reasoning?
1. a)Both types equally
2. b)Neither type
3. c)Deductive reasoning
4. d)Inductive reasoning
10.
The crime happened at 9 PM downtown. Suspect A has a receipt proving they were at a grocery store across town at 9 PM. What can we conclude?
11.
Every time I water my plant, it grows. I watered it today. What will probably happen? (Use one word: grow/die/shrink)
12.
'If it rains, the streets get wet. The streets are wet. Therefore, it rained.' This is an example of:
1. a)Valid deductive reasoning
2. b)Valid inductive reasoning
3. c)A true conclusion
4. d)A logical fallacy (affirming the consequent)
13.
Analyze: 'No reptiles have fur. All snakes are reptiles. Therefore, no snakes have fur.' Is this valid?
14.
Which statement about valid arguments is TRUE?
1. a)A valid argument always has true premises
2. b)A valid argument can have false premises but true conclusion
3. c)Valid and true mean the same thing
4. d)A valid argument always has a true conclusion
15.
Create a valid deductive argument using these premises: 'All students in this class passed the exam' and 'Maria is a student in this class.'
16.
Name one type of reasoning that cannot be disproven by a single counterexample (deductive/inductive):